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Description
Rat TNF-α ELISA KitProduct Specification Species Reactivity Rat Theory This kit adopts double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent detection technology. Specific anti rat TNF antibodies were pre coated on high affinity enzyme plates. The standard substance, the sample to be tested and the biotinylated detection antibody are added to the well of the enzyme label plate, and after incubation, TNF present in the sample binds to the solid phase antibody and the
Product Specification
| Species Reactivity | Rat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Theory | This kit adopts double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent detection technology. Specific anti-rat TNF-α antibodies were pre-coated on high affinity enzyme plates. The standard substance, the sample to be tested and the biotinylated detection antibody are added to the well of the enzyme label plate, and after incubation, TNF-α present in the sample binds to the solid phase antibody and the detection antibody to form an immune complex. After washing to remove unbound material, horseradish peroxidase-labeled Streptavidin-HRP was added. After washing, a chromogenic substrate is added to protect the color from light. A stop solution was added to stop the reaction, and the absorbance value was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm (reference calibration wavelength of 540 nm or 570 nm). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Composition |
Please use it within the validity period of the kit (new and old products are shipped randomly)
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| Background | Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as cachectin and TNFSF1A, is the prototype ligand of the TNF superfamily. It is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a central role in inflammation, immune system development, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism. TNF-α is also implicated in a number of pathological conditions, including asthma, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic pain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, septic shock, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Rat TNF-alpha is a 26kDa type II transmembrane protein, which consists of a 35 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, a 21 aa transmembrane fragment, and a 156 aa extracellular domain (ECD). In ECD, rat TNF-alpha has 95% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and 73%-79% amino acid sequence identity with bovine, canine, cotton rat, horse, cat, human, macaque, and pig TNF-alpha. It is produced by a variety of immune cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and tumor cells. TNF-α assembles intracellularly to form non-covalently linked homotrimers expressed on the cell surface. Cell surface TNF-α can not only induce lysis of tumor cells and virus-infected cells, but also produce its own downstream cell signaling after ligation through soluble TNFRI. TACE/ADAM17 releases membrane-bound TNF-α to release a bioactive cytokine, which is a 55 kDa soluble trimer of the extracellular domain of TNF-α. TNF-α binds to the ubiquitous 55-60 kDa TNFRI and the hematopoietic cell-restricted 78-80 kDa TNFRII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers. Both type I and type II receptors bind TNF-α with comparable affinity and can promote NFκB activation. However, only TNF RI contains a cytoplasmic death domain, which triggers the activation of apoptosis. Soluble forms of both types of receptors are released into human serum and urine and can neutralize the biological activity of TNF-α. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General Notes | 1. Please use the kit within the validity period. 2. The components of different kits and different batch kits cannot be mixed. 3. If the sample value is greater than the highest value of the standard curve, the sample should be diluted with diluent (1 ×) and re-tested; If the cell culture supernatant sample needs to be distributed and diluted, cell culture medium can be used for other intermediate dilutions except dilution with diluent (1 ×) in the last step. 4. Differences in test results can be caused by a variety of factors, including the operation of the experimenter, the use of the pipette, the plate washing technique, the reaction time or temperature, the storage of the kit, etc. 5. The terminating solution in the kit is an acidic solution. Please protect your glasses, hands, face and clothes when using it. 6. For scientific research only, not for in vitro diagnosis. |
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| Storage Temp. | Kit unopened, stored at 2-8 °C. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Test Range | 62.5pg/mL-4000pg/mL |
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4.4 ★★★★★
Based on 11 reviews
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 5
Good start to a series
Format: Kindle
I delayed reading the series for reasons I don’t remember. But my TBR list is huge so I thought I’d take a shot of this and I was pleasantly surprised. I didn’t think the blurb about it was anything special. But it was a very good book. It took some interesting twists and turns. I am so glad the second book is already out. Because I would not have waited patiently. Very slow burn but good storyline. 🔥🔥/5
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Reviewed in the United States on January 3, 2025
★★★★★ 4
A good read
Format: Kindle
Multiple points of view. 3 Alpha men and an Omega male. She is a Beta in training for a new program placing betas in Alpha/Omega packs. Mila is only doing the program for the money to take care of her dad. She wasn't expecting to fall for a pack but when she sees this packs Omega she is done for. There is just something about him. His Alphas are good looking as well. Too bad she is hiding a secret and their government is acting shady. I liked it and can't wait to see where their story goes.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 14, 2023
★★★★★ 3
Slightly repetitive but I did love some things
Format: Kindle
I love this type of story. And omegaverse is one of my all time favorite genres. But there are a few things that pulled me out of my enjoyment while I was reading. It was repetitive at times as well as struggled with telling not showing. So we didn’t always feel like we were experiencing things with the main character. There were also some plot holes but they may still be answered in part 2.
Now this isn’t to be said I didn’t enjoy parts of the story. I loved the almost instant love between Mila and Oliver. And how he started changing around her.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 15, 2024
★★★★★ 5
delightful read
Format: Kindle
What a delightful read. The characters are awesome, the plot was so good, I loved it. I was intrigued and it kept me wanting more. Told in multiple pov, the book sucks you in and doesn’t let go. I cannot wait to read the next book.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 30, 2025
★★★★★ 4
not bad
Format: Kindle
I loved the plot of this book. The characters just didn’t have a lot of depth. The connections and “love” just weren’t communicated very well in the writing. The author didn’t write the sweet psycho trope very well at all either. Lachlan was just a mess of a character.
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Reviewed in the United States on November 17, 2023